Mammal trees

List of cladograms tested for their correspondence with stratigraphic data. Cladograms are listed alphabetically. For each group, data are listed in order, as follows:

• Group name
• Tree size (number of terminals)
• SRL, Standard range length, the total time represented by known fossil ranges
• MIG, Minimum implied gap or ‘ghost range’
• Gmin, the minimum possible ghost range when cladogram branches are rearranged
• Gmax, the maximum possible ghost range when cladogram branches are rearranged
• RCI, the Relative completeness index (Benton, 1994)
• RCI and GER Sig., significance of the RCI and GER measures
• No. consistent nodes, the number of stratigraphically consistent nodes
• SCI, the Stratigraphic consistency index (Huelsenbeck, 1994)
• SCI Sig., significance of the SCI measure
• GER, the Gap excess ratio (Wills, 1999)
• Range, the broad stratigraphic range of the cladogram
• Reference, the source of the cladogram assessed

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Group	No. terminals	SRL	MIG	Gmin	Gmax	RCI	RCI & GER Sig	Consistent nodes	SCI	SCI Sig.	GER	Range of O	Reference
Mammalia(1)	26	1443	358	102	1330	75.190575	2.25	10	0.43478	42.75	0.79153	Cret-Neog	Shoshani (1986, fig. 3)
Mammalia(2)	20	1198	389	102	1042	67.529215	2	6	0.33333	38.75	0.69468	Cret-Neog	Novacek et al. (1988, fig. 3.3)
Mammalia(3)	20	1198	302	102	1042	74.791319	0.5	8	0.44444	51.5	0.78723	Cret-Neog	Novacek (1989, fig. 3)
Mammalia(4)	6	465	119	59	119	74.408602	100	0	0	100	0	Tri-Jur	Butler (1997, fig. 3)
Mammalia(5)	9	519	259	146	741	50.096339	100	4	0.571429	14.5	0.810084	Tri-Cret	Greenwald (1988, fig. 4)
Mammalia(6)	9	427	172	128	526	59.71897	2	4	0.571429	9	0.889447	Tri-Rec	Wang et al. (1998, fig. 7)
Mammalia-Paurodontidae	5	113	11	11	44	90.265487	17	3	1	17	1	Jur	Ensom & Sigogneau-Russell (1998, fig. 14)
Marsupialia(1)	17	568	364	139	1567	35.915493	2	6	0.4	3	0.842437	Cret-Pleist	Szalay & Trofimov (1996, fig. 25)
Marsupialia(2)	9	320	56	47	266	82.5	1	6	0.857143	1	0.958904	Cret-Paleoc	Wible (1990, fig. 6)
Marsupialia-Phalangeriformes	8	150	69	24	82	54	51	1	0.166667	100	0.224138	Olig-Rec	Springer & Woodburne (1989, fig. 3A)
Marsupialia-Phalangeriformes	8	150	82	24	82	45.333333	100	0	0	100	0	Olig-Rec	Springer & Woodburne (1989, fig. 3B)
Marsupialia-Phalangeriformes	8	150	82	24	82	45.333333	100	0	0	100	0	Olig-Rec	Springer & Woodburne (1989, fig. 3C)
Marsupialia-Phalangeriformes	8	150	82	24	82	45.333333	100	2	0.333333	64	0	Olig-Rec	Springer & Woodburne (1989, fig. 3D)
Marsupialia-Thylacinidae	12	61	92	21	131	-50.819672	27	5	0.5	26.5	0.354545	Mioc-Rec	Muirhead & Wroe (1998, fig. 5)
Eutheria(1)	17	936	236	73	475	74.786325	28.75	7	0.46667	78.5	0.59453	Paleog-Neog	Gregory (1910; in Novacek et al. 1988, fig. 3.1(a))
Eutheria(2)	16	926	219	48	402	76.349892	45.25	4	0.28571	86.25	0.51695	Paleog-Neog	Simpson (1945; in Novacek et al. 1988, fig. 3.1(b))
Eutheria(3)	18	996	275	73	498	72.389558	32.75	8	0.47059	36.25	0.52471	Paleog-Neog	McKenna (1975; in Novacek et al. 1988, fig. 3.2(a))
Eutheria(4)	18	996	298	73	498	70.080321	71	4	0.25	100	0.47059	Paleog-Neog	Novacek (1982; in Novacek et al. 1988, fig. 3.2(b))
Eutheria(5)	18	996	291	73	498	70.783133	58.5	4	0.25	98.25	0.48706	Paleog-Neog	Novacek & Wyss (1986; in Novacek et al. 1988, fig. 3.4A)
Eutheria(6)	24	1241	329	73	612	73.489122	79.75	8	0.38095	88.25	0.52505	Paleog-Neog	Shoshani (1986, fig. 3)
Eutheria(7)	18	986	395	73	473	59.939148	78	4	0.25	96	0.195	Paleog-Neog	Novacek et al. (1988, fig. 3.3)
Eutheria(8)	18	996	273	73	498	72.590361	72.5	6	0.375	98.5	0.52941	Paleog-Neog	Novacek (1989, fig. 3)
Edentata	5	217	31	31	41	85.714286	7.25	3	1	7.25	1	Paleog-Neog	Gaudin (1995, fig. 1)
Edentata-Tardigrada	21	83	257	35	531	-209.63855	18	10	0.52632	25.5	0.55242	Paleog-Neog	Gaudin (1995, fig. 2)
Insectivora	15	476	273	72	470	42.647059	22	5	0.41667	25.75	0.49497	Paleog-Neog	Butler (1988, fig. 5.6)
Mesonychia	10	73	15	15	84	79.452055	6.75	8	1	16.5	1	Paleog	Zhou et al. (1995, fig. 7)
Pantodonta-Coryphodontidae	5	66	4	4	16	93.939394	22.5	3	1	22.5	1	Paleoc-Eoc	Lucas & Tong (1987, fig. 7)
Plesiadapiformes-Micromomyini	5	28	NAN(000)	4	4	85.714286	100	3	1	42.5	NAN(000)	Paleoc-Eoc	Beard & Houde (1989, fig. 7)
Primates(1)	7	218	114	60	147	47.706422	27	3	0.6	4.5	0.37931	Paleog-Neog	Pocock (1918; in Andrews 1988, fig. 6.2B)
Primates(2)	5	157	106	56	123	32.484076	100	1	0.33333	100	0.25373	Paleog-Neog	Simpson (1945; in Andrews 1988, fig. 6.2A)
Primates(3)	7	209	112	65	156	46.411483	24	2	0.4	100	0.48352	Paleog-Neog	Gingerich (1975; in Andrews 1988, fig. 6.2C)
Primates(4)	6	187	133	65	168	28.877005	56.75	2	0.5	52.75	0.33981	Paleog-Neog	Schwartz & Tattersall (1987; in Andrews 1988, fig. 6.2D)
Primates(5)	6	187	133	65	168	28.877005	56.75	2	0.5	52.75	0.33981	Paleog-Neog	Andrews (1988, figs. 6.3, 6.4)
Primates(6)	11	342	167	65	254	51.169591	14.75	3	0.33333	68.25	0.46032	Paleog-Neog	Andrews (1988, figs. 6.3, 6.4)
Primates-Washakiini	14	129	20	14	20	84.496124	100	12	1	27.5	0	Eoc	Honey (1990, fig. 6)
Primates-Platyrrhini(1)	16	0	NAN(000)	0	0	NAN(000)	26	14	1	100	NAN(000)	Hol-Rec	Ford & Morgan (1986, fig. 3)
Primates-Platyrrhini(2)	16	0	NAN(000)	0	0	NAN(000)	26	14	1	100	NAN(000)	Hol-Rec	Ford & Morgan (1986, fig. 3)
Rodentia(1)	5	202	27	21	39	86.633663	60.5	2	0.66667	51.5	0.66667	Paleog	Jaeger (1988, fig. 7.2)
Rodentia(2)	5	191	8	4	8	95.811518	100	2	0.66667	29.75	0	Paleog	Jaeger (1988, fig. 7.3A)
Rodentia(3)	5	191	8	4	8	95.811518	100	2	0.66667	66.75	0	Paleog	Jaeger (1988, fig. 7.3C)
Rodentia(4)	7	276	35	25	43	87.318841	11.25	3	0.6	26.75	0.44444	Paleog	Jaeger (1988, fig. 7.3B)
Rodentia-Geomorpha(1)	5	165	17	7	17	89.69697	100	1	0.33333	91.5	0	Paleog	Korth (1993, fig. 3)
Rodentia-Geomorpha(2)	5	182	47	21	47	74.175824	100	1	0.333333	91.5	0	Eoc-Olig	Korth et al. (1991, fig. 3)
Rodentia-Hydrochoeridae	13	41	98	23	210	-139.02439	8	5	0.454545	16.5	0.59893	Mioc-Rec	Prado et al. (1998, fig. 9A)
Rodentia-Hydrochoeridae	13	41	98	23	210	-139.02439	10	5	0.454545	17	0.59893	Mioc-Rec	Prado et al. (1998, fig. 9B)
Rodentia-Hydrochoeridae	13	41	98	23	210	-139.02439	9	5	0.454545	17	0.59893	Mioc-Rec	Prado et al. (1998, fig. 9C)
Rodentia-Hystricomorpha	9	282	87	46	138	69.148936	3.25	4	0.57143	28.5	0.55435	Paleog-Neog	Jaeger (1988, fig. 7.1)
Rodentia-Microtus	10	24	14	5	26	41.666667	52	6	0.75	39	0.571429	Pli-Rec	Martin (1987, fig. 4)
Rodentia-Mimomys	7	26	5	5	30	80.769231	13.5	5	1	13.5	1	Mioc-Pli	Mou (1997, fig. 5)
Rodentia-Phyllotini	20	9	47	5	89	-422.22222	79	8	0.444444	80.5	0.5	Pli-Rec	Steppan & Pardiñas (1998, fig. 5)
Rodentia-Pleurolocus	4	28	NAN(000)	0	0	100	100	2	1	100	NAN(000)	Mioc	Korth (1996, fig. 2)
Rodentia-Sciuridae	5	33	30	23	30	9.090909	100	2	0.666667	100	0	Mioc-Rec	Pratt & Morgan (1989, fig. 2)
Rodentia-Sigmodontinae	8	4	8	2	12	-100	47.5	3	0.5	57	0.4	Pleist-Rec	Steppan (1996, fig. 4A)
Rodentia-Sigmodontinae	8	4	6	2	12	-50	22	3	0.5	22	0.6	Pleist-Rec	Steppan (1996, fig. 4B)
Rodentia-Thryonomyoidea	11	77	53	33	189	31.168831	2	5	0.555556	6	0.871795	Olig-Rec	Winkler (1992, fig. 6)
Arctocyonidae	7	54	54	18	54	0	100	2	0.4	96	0	Cret-Eoc	Luo (1991, fig. 15A)
Arctocyonidae	7	54	45	18	54	16.666667	64.5	3	0.6	26	0.25	Cret-Eoc	Luo (1991, fig. 15B)
Arctocyonidae	7	54	54	18	54	0	100	2	0.4	91	0	Cret-Eoc	Luo (1991, fig. 15C)
Creodonta-Hyaenodontidae	16	206	117	42	274	43.203883	0.5	9	0.642857	3.5	0.676724	Paleoc-Mioc	Polly (1996, fig. 10)
Creodonta-Proviverrini	13	153	112	49	287	26.797386	0.5	8	0.727273	1	0.735294	Paleoc-Mioc	Barry (1988, fig. 5)
Creodonta-Proviverrini	13	153	142	49	287	7.189542	3	5	0.454545	26.5	0.609244	Paleoc-Mioc	Barry (1988, fig. 6)
Creodonta-Proviverrini	13	153	112	49	287	26.797386	0.5	8	0.727273	26.5	0.735294	Paleoc-Mioc	Barry (1988, fig. 7A)
Creodonta-Proviverrini	13	153	118	49	287	22.875817	0.5	7	0.636364	2.5	0.710084	Paleoc-Mioc	Barry (1988, fig. 7B)
Carnivora(1)	16	465	161	37	360	65.376344	0.5	5	0.35714	29.75	0.6161	Paleog-Neog	Flynn et al. (1988, fig. 4.2)
Carnivora(2)	6	222	56	25	98	74.774775	13	2	0.5	55.5	0.57534	Paleog	Flynn et al. (1988, fig. 4.6A)
Carnivora(3)	6	222	56	25	98	74.774775	19.75	1	0.25	68.25	0.57534	Paleog	Flynn et al. (1988, fig. 4.6B)
Carnivora-Barbourfelinae	8	45	13	13	72	71.111111	1.5	6	1	1.5	1	Mioc	Geraads & Güleç (1997, fig. 2)
Carnivora-Caniformia	5	159	26	16	36	83.647799	29.75	2	0.66667	17.5	0.5	Paleog-Neog	Flynn et al. (1988, fig. 4.4)
Carnivora-Chasmaporthetes	5	28	5	5	20	82.142857	15.5	3	1	15.5	1	Mioc-Pleist	Berta (1981, fig. 12)
Carnivora-Felinae	6	9	15	5	21	-66.666667	50.5	2	0.5	35.5	0.375	Pli-Rec	Van Valkenburgh et al. (1990, fig. 15)
Carnivora-Musteloidea	4	71	42	30	67	40.84507	16	1	0.5	53	0.675676	Olig-Pli	Wang (1997, fig. 9)
Carnivora-Pinnipedia(1)	5	71	26	13	38	63.380282	46.75	1	0.33333	63	0.48	Paleog-Neog	Berta (1994, fig. 6)
Carnivora-Pinnipedia(2)	9	71	26	19	127	63.380282	46.75	6	0.85714	63	0.93518	Paleog-Neog	Kohno (1994, fig. 5)
Carnivora-Pinnipedia(3)	5	87	32	13	32	63.218391	100	1	0.333333	69	0	Olig-Mioc	Berta & Ray (1990, fig. 6)
Carnivora-Procyoninae(1)	10	92	40	23	95	56.521739	1.5	8	1	1	0.763889	Mioc-Rec	Baskin (1982, fig. 14)
Carnivora-Procyoninae(2)	8	70	26	13	60	62.857143	6	4	0.666667	19.5	0.723404	Mioc-Rec	Baskin (1989, fig. 3)
Ungulata(1)	12	243	59	36	114	75.720165	4	7	0.7	20	0.705128	Paleoc-Olig	Thewissen & Domning (1992, fig. 1)
Ungulata(2)	11	367	61	36	107	83.378747	1	3	0.333333	48.5	0.647887	Paleoc-Olig	Thewissen & Domning (1992, fig. 2)
Ungulata(3)	6	310	51	15	51	83.548387	100	0	0	100	0	Paleoc-Eoc	Court (1990, fig. 4A)
Ungulata(3)	6	310	42	15	51	86.451613	100	1	0.25	100	0.25	Paleoc-Eoc	Court (1990, fig. 4B)
Ungulata(4)	21	674	111	32	369	83.531157	0.25	15	0.78947	17	0.76558	Paleog	Prothero et al. (1988, fig. 8.1)
Toxodontia-Notohippidae	18	170	91	37	493	46.470588	3.5	9	0.6	3	0.881579	Paleoc-Mioc	Shockey (1997, fig. 7)
Notoungulata-Pachyrukhinae	8	80	35	30	135	56.25	2.5	3	0.5	85.5	0.952381	Olig-Pleist	Cerdeño & Bond (1998, fig. 11A)
Notoungulata-Pachyrukhinae	8	80	35	30	135	56.25	2.5	3	0.5	85.5	0.952381	Olig-Pleist	Cerdeño & Bond (1998, fig. 11B)
Notoungulata-Pachyrukhinae	8	80	60	30	135	25	10	3	0.5	90	0.714286	Olig-Pleist	Cerdeño & Bond (1998, fig. 11C)
Perissodactyla(1)	18	421	35	21	35	91.686461	100	16	1	6.5	0	Paleog	Hooker (1989, figs. 6.5, 6.6)
Perissodactyla(2)	16	397	39	21	45	90.176322	31.75	10	0.71429	99.25	0.25	Paleog	Prothero & Schoch (1989, fig. 28.2)
Perissodactyla(3)	6	132	60	45	129	54.545455	10.5	3	0.75	12.5	0.821429	Eoc-Pli	Hermanson & MacFadden (1996, fig. 5)
Perisso.-Brontotheriidae	12	68	37	21	154	45.588235	38.25	9	0.9	56.75	0.8797	Paleog	Mader (1989, fig. 25.3)
Perisso.-Chalicotheriidae	11	103	63	37	166	38.834951	100	6	0.66667	2.5	0.79845	Paleog-Neog	Coombs (1989, fig. 24.1)
Perisso.-Chalicotheriinae	8	59	24	18	52	59.322034	1	4	0.66667	5.5	0.82353	Neog	Coombs (1989, fig. 24.3)
Perisso.-Equidae(1)	4	47	13	13	20	72.340426	15	2	1	15	1	Mioc	Hermanson & MacFadden (1992, fig. 5)
Perisso.-Equidae(2)	19	197	77	51	614	60.913706	58.25	14	0.82353	65.75	0.95382	Paleog-Neog	Evander (1989, fig. 8.1)
Perisso.-Equinae(1)	13	123	30	18	107	75.609756	7.75	10	0.90909	2.25	0.86517	Neog	Matthew (1926; in Hulbert 1989, fig. 11.1A)
Perisso.-Equinae(2)	16	143	30	18	134	79.020979	2.5	13	0.92857	2.5	0.89655	Neog	Stirton (1940; in Hulbert 1989, fig. 11.1B)
Perisso.-Equinae(3)	14	131	35	11	35	73.282443	100	11	0.91667	17	0	Neog	Quinn (1955; in Hulbert 1989, fig. 11.1C)
Perisso.-Equinae(4)	24	216	94	18	196	56.481481	18	17	0.77273	20.5	0.57303	Neog	Hulbert (1989, fig. 11.2)
Perisso.-Equini(1)	5	14	10	10	31	28.571429	8	2	0.666667	22.5	1	Mioc-Rec	MacFadden & Azzaroli (1987, fig. 6)
Perisso.-Equini(2)	15	62	35	14	121	43.548387	3.5	10	0.769231	1.5	0.803738	Mioc-Pleist	Prado & Alberdi (1996, fig. 7)
Perisso.-Equini(3)	8	40	13	8	23	67.5	14.5	6	1	3.5	0.666667	Mioc-Pleist	MacFadden (1997, fig. 15)
Perisso.-Hipparionini	11	61	6	6	60	90.163934	12	9	1	12	1	Mioc	Bernor et al. (1988, fig. 10)
Perisso.-Hyracodontidae	5	84	27	27	71	67.857143	1.75	3	1	1.75	1	Paleog	Lucas & Sobus (1989, fig. 19.8)
Perisso.-Rhinocerotoidea(1)	4	94	35	27	35	62.765957	100	1	0.5	86	0	Eoc	Holbrook & Lucas (1997, fig. 10)
Perisso.-Rhinocerotoidea(2)	5	148	24	8	24	83.783784	100	2	0.66667	78	0	Paleog	Heissig (1989, fig. 21.3)
Perisso.-Tapiridae	10	119	45	33	221	62.184874	0.5	7	0.875	0.5	0.93617	Eoc-Mioc	Albright (1998, fig. 12)
Perisso.-Tapiroidea	16	206	82	56	228	60.194175	1	10	0.71429	0.5	0.84884	Paleog-Neog	Schoch (1989, fig. 15.1)
Artiodactyla	26	683	187	40	288	72.620791	9.25	16	0.66667	13	0.40726	Paleog-Neog	Gentry & Hooker (1988, fig. 9.8)
Artiodactyla-Camthumerycini	5	48	7	7	21	85.416667	9.5	3	1	9.5	1	Mioc	Bonis et al. (1997, fig. 5)
Artiodactyla-Lagomerycidae	6	209	466	466	818	-122.96651	9.5	4	1	9.5	1	Olig-Mioc	Azanza & Ginsburg (1997, fig. 13)
Artiodactyla-Protoceratidae	6	45	34	34	98	24.444444	20.5	4	1	17.5	1	Eoc-Pli	Webb (1981, fig. 5)
Artiodactyla-Ruminantia(1)	19	387	129	40	376	66.666667	0.2	10	0.588235	0.4	0.735119	Eoc-Mioc	Janis & Scott (1988, fig. 10.1)
Artiodactyla-Ruminantia(2)	13			37		52.56	6.5		0.5	10.5		Paleog-Neog	Gentry & Hooker (1988, fig. 9.10)
Artiodactyla-Ruminantia(3)	13	221	84	21	188	61.99095	8	5	0.454545	12.5	0.622754	Eoc-Olig	Janis (1987, fig. 10)
Cetacea(1)	18	176	101	50	547	42.613636	8	9	0.5625	4	0.897384	Eoc-Rec	Luo & Marsh (1996, fig. 2)
Desmostylia	8	62	26	13	38	58.064516	17	5	0.833333	15.5	0.48	Olig-Mioc	Clark (1991, fig. 6)
Sirenia(1)	13	106	49	42	227	53.773585	0.5	9	0.818182	0.5	0.962162	Eoc-Rec	Bajpaj & Domning (1997, fig. 6)
Sirenia-Rytiodontinae	6	53	12	6	24	77.358491	23.5	3	0.75	23.5	0.666667	Olig-Mioc	Domning (1989, fig. 6)
Proboscidea(1)	18	178	98	48	504	44.94382	56.75	10	0.625	52.75	0.89035	Paleog-Neog	Tassy & Shoshani (1988, figs. 11.5, 11.8)
Proboscidea(2)	5	93	32	16	32	65.591398	100	2	0.66667	67.75	0	Paleog-Neog	Court (1995, fig. 8)

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References for tested cladograms

Albright, L. B. 1998. New genus of tapir (Mammalia: Tapiridae) from the Arikareean (earliest Miocene) of the Texas coastal plain. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18, 200-217.

Andrews, P. (1988) A phylogenetic analysis of the primates. In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods. Volume 2. Mammals, edited by M.J. Benton. Systematics Association Special Volume, 35B, 143-175. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Azanza, B. and Ginsburg, L. 1997. A revision of the large lagomerycid artiodactyls of Europe. Palaeontology, 40, 461-485.

Bajpaj, S. and Domning, D. P. 1997. A new dugongine sirenian from the Early Miocene of India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, 219-228.

Barry, J. C. 1988. Sissopsalis, a Middle and Late Miocene proviverrine creodont (Mammalia) from Pakistan and Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8, 25-45.

Baskin, J. A. 1982. Tertiary Procynoninae (Mammalia: Carnivora) of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2, 71-93.

Baskin, J. A. 1989. Comments on New World Tertiary Procynonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 110-117.

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