Arthropod trees

List of cladograms tested for their correspondence with stratigraphic data. For each group, data are listed in order, as follows:

• Group name
• Tree size (number of terminals)
• SRL, Standard range length, the total time represented by known fossil ranges
• MIG, Minimum implied gap or ‘ghost range’
• Gmin, the minimum possible ghost range when cladogram branches are rearranged
• Gmax, the maximum possible ghost range when cladogram branches are rearranged
• RCI, the Relative completeness index (Benton, 1994)
• RCI and GER Sig., significance of the RCI and GER measures
• No. consistent nodes, the number of stratigraphically consistent nodes
• SCI, the Stratigraphic consistency index (Huelsenbeck, 1994)
• SCI Sig., significance of the SCI measure
• GER, the Gap excess ratio (Wills, 1999)
• Range, the broad stratigraphic range of the cladogram
• Reference, the source of the cladogram assessed

---

Arthropoda(1)	7	2897	396	237	569	86.330687	6.75	4	0.8	15.75	0.52108	Camb-Carb	Ballard et al. (1992, fig. 3.)
Arthropoda(2)	6	3089	343	159	343	88.896083	100	2	0.5	53	0	Camb-Sil	Bacetti (1979, fig. 11.4.)
Arthropoda(3)	8	4113	463	173	463	88.74301	100	4	0.8	95.5	0	Camb-Dev	Boudreaux (1979, implicit in text)
Arthropoda(4)	28	2953	1018	220	1018	65.526583	100	12	0.46154	97	0	Camb-Carb	Briggs and Fortey (1989, fig. 1. )
Arthropoda(5)	5	2454	–	159	159	93.520782	100	3	1	81.5	–	Camb-Sil	Cisne (1974, fig. 3.)
Arthropoda(6)	18	4457	1444	572	2208	67.601526	1	8	0.5	53	0.46699	Camb-Rec	Moura and Christoffersen (1996, fig. 1. )
Arthropoda(7)	5	2281	173	173	332	92.415607	20.25	3	1	56.5	1	Camb-Dev	Paulus (1979, fig. 6.1.)
Arthropoda(8)	5	1916	–	159	159	91.701461	100	3	1	82	–	Camb-Sil	Weygoldt (1979, fig. 3.10.)
Lobopodia	8	1159	346	259	505	70.146678	6.75	4	0.66667	63.75	0.64634	Camb-Carb	Budd (1993, fig. 4.)
Onychophora	9	269	606	572	865	-125.27881	3.5	7	1	1.75	0.88396	Camb-Rec	Hou and Bergstrom (1995, fig. 7.)
Onychophora	9	269	572	572	865	-112.63941	3.5	7	1	1.75	1	Camb-Rec	Monge-Najera (1995, fig. 2. )
Atelocerata(1)	9	2305	1342	413	1412	41.778742	46.5	3	0.42857	39.25	0.07007	Sil-Rec	Briggs et al. (1992, fig. 2. (Atelocerata))
Atelocerata(2)	9	2305	1370	413	1412	40.563991	72.25	2	0.28571	92	0.04204	Sil-Rec	Wills et al. (1994, fig. 11. (Atelocerata))
Atelocerata(3)	10	2381	1356	413	1512	43.049139	59	4	0.5	94.25	0.14195	Sil-Rec	Wills et al. (1998, fig. 2.1. (Atelocerata))
Chilopoda(1)	5	804	961	413	1261	-19.527363	38.25	1	0.33333	57.75	0.35377	Sil-Rec	Dohle (1985, fig. 6.)
Chilopoda(2)	4	804	748	374	848	6.965174	100	1	0.5	100	0.21097	Sil-Paleog	Dohle (1985, fig. 2a.)
Chilopoda(2)	4	804	648	374	848	19.402985	36.75	1	0.5	53.25	0.42194	Sil-Paleog	Dohle (1985, fig. 2b.)
Julida(1)	8	134	229	56	314	-70.895522	62.5	2	0.33333	75.75	0.32946	Paleog-Rec	Enghoff (1981, fig. 2.)
Julida(2)	6	704	1174	313	1174	-66.761364	100	1	0.25	81.25	0	Carb-Rec	Enghoff (1981, fig. 1.)
Julida(3)	15	134	414	56	706	-208.95522	89.75	6	0.46154	93.5	0.44923	Paleog-Rec	Enghoff (1991, fig. 25.)
Insecta(3)	7	1792	845	399	1001	52.845982	60.25	3	0.6	39.5	0.25914	Dev-Rec	Stys et al. (1993, fig. 4a.)
Insecta(3)	7	1792	839	399	1001	53.180804	40.25	3	0.6	38	0.2691	Dev-Rec	Stys et al. (1993, fig. 4b.)
Insecta(3)	7	1792	931	399	1001	48.046875	82	2	0.4	68	0.11628	Dev-Rec	Stys et al. (1993, fig. 4c.)
Insecta(1)	24	5876	1903	399	3700	67.614023	4.75	11	0.5	10.5	0.54438	Dev-Rec	Brusca and Brusca (1990, fig. 49.)
Insecta(2)	29	6641	2728	399	4930	58.921849	19.8	9	0.333333	79.7	0.485985	Dev-Rec	Rasnitsyn (1998, fig. 18.1.)
Hexapoda(1)	8	2358	636	399	834	73.02799	38.75	2	0.33333	75.75	0.45517	Dev-Rec	Kristensen (1975, fig. 1.)
Hexapoda(2)	15	3510	1047	290	1365	70.17094	94.5	5	0.38462	96	0.29581	Carb-Paleog	Kristensen (1975, fig. 8.)
Ephemeroptera	19	1715	1396	210	2275	18.600583	28.75	8	0.47059	98	0.42567	Jur-Rec	Edmunds (1962, fig. 1. )
Rectracheata	13	888	995	210	1842	-12.04955	13	6	0.54546	23.5	0.519	Jur-Rec	McCafferty (1991, fig. 4. )
Setisura	4	163	333	124	333	-104.29448	100	0	0	100	0	Cret-Rec	McCafferty (1991, fig. 2. )
Calypterygoidea	6	208	400	152	704	-92.307692	32.75	2	0.5	29.5	0.55073	Jur-Rec	Heymer (1975, fig. 16.)
Plecoptera	15	1185	1262	258	2685	-6.49789	17	7	0.53846	11	0.58632	Perm-Rec	Nelson (1984, fig. 2c. )
Plecoptera	15	1185	1363	258	2685	-15.021097	38.5	7	0.53846	15.75	0.54471	Perm-Rec	Nelson (1984, fig. 3b.)
Plecoptera	15	1185	1352	258	2685	-14.092827	32.75	7	0.53846	14.75	0.54924	Perm-Rec	Nelson (1984, fig. 3c.)
Plecoptera	15	1185	1127	258	2685	4.894515	11.75	8	0.61538	5.75	0.64194	Perm-Rec	Nelson (1984, fig. 3d.)
Plecoptera	15	1185	960	258	2685	18.987342	4.25	8	0.61538	7.5	0.71075	Perm-Rec	Nelson (1984, fig. 3e.)
Plecoptera	15	1185	1084	258	2685	8.523207	8.75	7	0.53846	15.75	0.65966	Perm-Rec	Nelson (1984, fig. 3f.)
Blattoneoptera	7	1408	834	290	867	40.767045	100	1	0.2	100	0.05719	Carb-Paleog	Kukalova-Peck and Peck (1993, fig. 23.)
Dictyoptera	6	665	829	325	1285	-24.661654	61.75	1	0.25	100	0.475	Carb-Rec	Thorne et al. (1992, fig. 2. )
Orthoptera	7	1633	622	179	642	61.910594	100	1	0.2	100	0.0432	Carb-Cret	Duncan (1996, @)
Dermaptera	8	413	649	157	843	-57.142857	75.75	2	0.33333	95.75	0.2828	Jur-Rec	Popham (1965, fig. 49.)
Forficulina	9	302	626	157	1111	-107.28477	37	1	0.14286	78	0.50839	Jur-Rec	Haas (1955, fig. 7. (Haplodiplatys and above))
Hemiptera(1)	4	598	350	237	350	41.471572	100	1	0.5	83.75	0	Tri-Rec	Bourgoin (1986, fig. 12.)
Hemiptera(1)	4	598	350	237	350	41.471572	100	1	0.5	84.5	0	Tri-Rec	Bourgoin (1986, fig. 13.)
Hemiptera(1)	4	598	350	237	350	41.471572	100	1	0.5	82.75	0	Tri-Rec	Bourgoin (1986, fig. 14.)
Hemiptera(2)	11	1611	649	292	1601	59.714463	0.75	7	0.77778	3.5	0.72727	Perm-Rec	von Dohlen (1995, fig. 1. (Thysanoptera and above))
Hemiptera(3)	10	1611	385	253	1309	76.1018	7	6	0.75	7.25	0.875	Perm-Paleog	von Dohlen (1995, fig. 6. (superfamily level))
Cicadelloidea	4	216	146	146	368	32.407407	25.25	1	0.5	51.75	1	Cret-Rec	Dietrich and Deitz (1993, fig. 31. (family level))
Cimicomorpha	16	870	1556	178	1978	-78.850575	82.75	4	0.28571	95	0.23444	Jur-Rec	Schuh and Stys (1991, fig. 1. (family level))
Gerromorpha(1)	8	407	467	124	585	-14.742015	72.5	2	0.33333	95.75	0.25597	Cret-Rec	Spence and Anderson (1994, fig. 1. (family level))
Gerromorpha(2)	8	407	467	124	585	-14.742015	76.5	2	0.33333	95.75	0.25597	Cret-Rec	Anderson (1979, fig. 9. )
Aphidoidea	9	805	509	123	509	36.770186	100	5	0.71429	71.25	0	Cret-Neog	Heie (1987, @)
Nepomorpha	11	1202	1055	237	1405	12.229617	37	6	0.66667	37.5	0.29966	Tri-Rec	Rieger (1976, fig. 58.)
Nepomorpha(2)	10	1202	818	237	1168	31.946755	22	6	0.75	22.75	0.37594	Tri-Rec	Mahner (1993, fig. 6.3.)
Coccoidea	5	195	–	0	0	100	100	3	1	100	–	Paleog	Miller and Miller, fig. 8. (family level))
Membracoidea	5	259	124	124	361	52.123552	7	2	0.66667	20.75	1	Cret-Rec	Dietrich and Deitz (1993, fig. 31. (family level))
Thysanoptera	8	429	707	157	827	-64.801865	100	1	0.16667	100	0.1791	Jur-Rec	Crespi et al. (1996, fig. 1a.)
Thysanoptera	8	429	707	157	827	-64.801865	100	2	0.33333	100	0.1791	Jur-Rec	Crespi et al. (1996, fig. 1b.)
Psocodea	7	1577	553	300	768	64.933418	20	4	0.8	19.75	0.4594	Carb-Paleog	Lyal (1985, fig. 1. )
Neuroptera(1)	5	841	135	113	344	83.947681	5.25	2	0.66667	13	0.90476	Tri-Cret	Oswald (1995, fig. 1. (Psychopsidae to Ascalaphidae))
Neuroptera(2)	4	853	268	201	447	68.581477	34.25	1	0.5	100	0.72764	Carb-Cret	Stys and Bilinsky (1990, fig. 5a)
Neuroptera(2)	4	853	268	201	447	68.581477	17.5	1	0.5	50.5	0.72764	Carb-Cret	Stys and Bilinsky (1990, fig. 5b)
Neuroptera(2)	4	853	201	201	447	76.436108	8.5	2	1	8.5	1	Carb-Cret	Stys and Bilinsky (1990, fig. 5c)
Neuroptera(2)	4	853	380	201	447	55.451348	100	1	0.5	100	0.27236	Carb-Cret	Stys and Bilinsky (1990, fig. 5e)
Neuroptera(2)	4	853	447	201	447	47.596717	100	0	0	100	0	Carb-Cret	Stys and Bilinsky (1990, fig. 5f)
Neuroptera(3)	5	853	772	325	772	9.495897	100	0	0	100	0	Carb-Rec	Stys and Bilinsky (1990, fig. 5d)
Coleoptera(1)	10	1430	868	208	1040	39.300699	64.75	3	0.375	36.5	0.20673	Tri-Paleog	Butler and Leone (1967, fig. 1. )
Coleoptera(2)	15	1963	857	173	1217	56.342333	20.75	6	0.46154	32.25	0.34483	Tri-Paleog	Howland and Hewitt (1995, fig. 6.)
Adephaga(1)	8	1044	472	237	852	54.789272	2.75	3	0.5	9	0.61789	Tri-Rec	Baehr (1979, @)
Adephaga(2)	6	979	412	214	443	57.916241	72.75	1	0.25	100	0.13537	Tri-Neog	Beutel (1992, fig. 14.)
Adephaga(3)	7	1044	504	214	615	51.724138	49	2	0.4	52.25	0.27681	Tri-Neog	Beutel (1993, fig. 30.)
Adephaga(4)	8	1044	612	237	852	41.37931	19	1	0.16667	78.25	0.39024	Tri-Rec	Beutel (1995, @)
Adephaga(5)	16	1361	1455	237	1694	-6.906686	24.5	7	0.466667	17.5	0.164036	Tri-Rec	Kavanaugh (1986, fig. 22.)
Geadephaga	6	268	556	206	968	-107.46269	23.75	2	0.5	46.5	0.54068	Jur-Rec	Regenfu_ (1975, fig. 2.)
Scarabaeoidea	13	330	635	210	2400	-92.424242	13.25	5	0.45455	40	0.80594	Jur-Rec	Browne and Scholtz (1995, fig. 10. (Glaresidae and above))
Salpingid group	6	198	546	124	546	-175.75758	100	0	0	100	0	Cret-Rec	Pollock (1994, fig. 29.)
Mecoptera	15	1207	1294	252	1684	-7.207954	17.75	7	0.53846	6.75	0.27235	Perm-Rec	Willman (1987, fig. 1. )
Mecopteroidea	4	1027	120	86	141	88.315482	100	1	0.5	100	0.38182	Perm-Jur	Griffiths (1976, fig. 2. )
Lepidoptera(1)	5	205	45	15	45	78.04878	100	1	0.33333	91.5	0	Paleog	de Jong (1996, fig. 4. (groups of genera recoded into families))
Lepidoptera(2)	11	1429	952	292	1783	33.379986	4.5	3	0.33333	51	0.55734	Perm-Rec	Friedlander et al. (1996, fig. 6a.)
Lepidoptera(2)	11	1429	952	292	1783	33.379986	4.5	3	0.33333	51	0.55734	Perm-Rec	Friedlander et al. (1996, fig. 6b.)
Lepidoptera(2)	11	1429	952	292	1783	33.379986	4.5	3	0.33333	51	0.55734	Perm-Rec	Friedlander et al. (1996, fig. 6c.)
Lepidoptera & Trichoptera	6	668	502	271	958	24.850299	18.25	2	0.5	31.75	0.66376	Perm-Rec	Kobayashi and Ando (1988, fig. 1. )
Heteroneura	8	196	353	157	1060	-80.102041	15.5	4	0.66667	22	0.78295	Jur-Rec	Nielsen et al. (1989, fig. 2. (Nepticulidae to Prodoxidae))
Incurvarioidea	6	78	39	39	156	50	7.5	4	1	7.5	1	Paleog-Rec	Schmidt Nielsen and Davis (1985, fig. 29)
Noctuoidea	6	98	171	83	400	-74.489796	26	2	0.5	60.5	0.7224	Cret-Rec	Weller et al. (1994, fig. 1. (Noctuidae treated as single terminal))
Papilionoidea	7	240	65	50	110	72.916667	15	4	0.8	15	0.75	Paleog-Rec	Martin and Pashley (1992, fig. 4., tree 1.)
Rhopalocera	5	205	45	15	45	78.04878	100	1	0.33333	91.75	0	Paleog	Kristensen (1976, fig. 1. )
Mecopteroidea	6	1003	195	195	749	80.558325	1.75	4	1	1.75	1	Perm-Cret	King (1991, fig. 2. (polytomies collapsed))
Strepsiptera	9	130	322	56	339	-147.69231	100	1	0.14286	100	0.06007	Paleog-Rec	Kinzelbach and Pohl (1994, fig. 2. )
Trichoptera	16	1113	1348	237	2679	-21.114106	64.25	5	0.357143	100	0.545045	Tri-Rec	Wiggins and Wichard (1989, fig. 19.)
Diptera	9	652	355	146	662	45.552147	3.75	3	0.42857	92.75	0.59496	Cret-Rec	Wada (1991, fig. 17.)
Aschiza	7	652	258	146	370	60.429448	24.5	3	0.6	43.25	0.5	Cret-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.1. (Aschiza only))
Asiloidea	6	461	302	178	607	34.490239	10.75	3	0.75	12.75	0.71096	Jur-Rec	Woodley (1989, fig. 115.5.)
Bibionomorpha	5	757	213	82	273	71.862616	49	1	0.33333	58.5	0.31414	Jur-Cret	Wood and Borkent (1989, fig. 114.2.)
Blephariceromorpha and related Diptera	8	905	684	237	991	24.41989	13.5	3	0.5	17.5	0.40716	Tri-Rec	Courtney (1990, fig. 43. (Blephariceridae coded rather than subfamilies))
Calyptratae	14	358	489	97	1000	-36.592179	77.5	6	0.5	75.75	0.56589	Cret-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.8.)
Carnoidea	9	295	388	97	578	-31.525424	59.25	4	0.57143	91	0.39501	Cret-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.6.)
Culicimorpha(1)	8	1040	544	210	640	47.692308	63	2	0.33333	94.5	0.22326	Jur-Rec	Pawloski et al. (1996, fig. 3.)
Culicimorpha(1)	8	1040	608	210	640	41.538462	84.5	2	0.33333	94.5	0.07442	Jur-Rec	Pawloski et al. (1996, fig. 5.)
Culicimorpha(2)	8	1040	640	210	640	38.461538	100	2	0.33333	96.25	0	Jur-Rec	Wood and Borkent (1989, fig. 114.2. (right eight taxa))
Cyclorrhapha(1)	10	809	512	157	761	36.71199	15	4	0.5	19.25	0.41225	Jur-Rec	Cumming et al. (19@@, fig. 2.)
Cyclorrhapha(2)	4	127	81	65	133	36.220472	23.25	1	0.5	50	0.76471	Paleog-Rec	Soto (1994, fig. 2a.)
Cyclorrhapha(2)	4	127	81	65	133	36.220472	23.25	1	0.5	46	0.76471	Paleog-Rec	Soto (1994, fig. 2b.)
Cyclorrhapha(2)	4	127	65	65	133	48.818898	7	2	1	7	1	Paleog-Rec	Soto (1994, fig. 2c.)
Diopsoidea	8	117	156	39	195	-33.333333	83.5	4	0.66667	83.25	0.25	Paleog-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.2. (Diopsoidea only))
Ephydroidea	5	156	–	39	39	75	100	2	0.66667	100	–	Paleog-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.7. (Ephydroidea only))
Eremoneura+	4	638	74	32	74	88.401254	100	0	0	100	0	Jur-Cret	Sinclair (1992, fig. 2. (rh four taxa))
Lauxanioidea	4	95	73	56	129	23.157895	16.5	1	0.5	50	0.76712	Paleog-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.4. (lauxanioidea only))
Opomyzoidea	13	387	175	50	263	54.780362	64	7	0.63636	51.5	0.41315	Paleog-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.5. (Pachyneuridae to Cecidomiidae))
Orthorrhapha	7	1035	382	210	435	63.091787	82.5	1	0.2	100	0.23556	Jur-Rec	Nagatomi et al. (1991, fig. 54.)
Orthorrhapha	7	1035	274	210	435	73.52657	8.5	3	0.6	25.5	0.71556	Jur-Rec	Nagatomi et al. (1991, fig. 55a.)
Orthorrhapha	7	1035	274	210	435	73.52657	7.5	3	0.6	27.25	0.71556	Jur-Rec	Nagatomi et al. (1991, fig. 55b.)
Psychodomorpha	6	922	274	210	338	70.281996	24.5	2	0.5	40.5	0.5	Jur-Rec	Wood and Borkent (1989, fig. 114.2.)
Sciomyzoidea	6	250	519	146	626	-107.6	80	1	0.25	100	0.22292	Cret-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.4. (Sciomyzoidea only))
Sphaeroceratoidea	6	152	78	39	82	48.684211	41.25	3	0.75	69.5	0.09302	Paleog-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.7. (Sphaeroceratoidea only))
Tabanomorpha	4	390	278	210	450	28.717949	26	1	0.5	50	0.71667	Jur-Rec	Woodley (1989, fig. 115.2.)
Tephritoidea	9	245	106	39	106	56.734694	100	3	0.42857	93.75	0	Paleog-Rec	McAlpine (1989, fig. 116.3. (Tephritoidea only))
Hymenoptera	5	680	123	91	204	81.911765	19	2	0.66667	21	0.71681	Tri-Cret	Zessin (1985, fig. 4. )
Hymenoptera (aculeate)	10	907	482	146	553	46.857773	40.5	4	0.5	94	0.17445	Cret-Rec	Brothers (1975)
Chrysidoidea	7	477	545	146	545	-14.255765	100	2	0.4	100	0	Cret-Rec	Carpenter (1986, fig. 4. )
Siricidae	5	187	148	124	433	20.855615	20.5	1	0.333333	42.5	0.92233	Cret-Rec	?
Marrellomorpha	4	63	–	139	139	-120.63492	100	2	1	51.75	–	Camb-Dev	Wills et al. (1998, fig. 2.1. (Marrellomorph clade))
Arachnomorpha(1)	16	2146	369	131	403	82.805219	87.5	8	0.57143	100	0.125	Camb-Sil	Briggs et al. (1992, fig. 2. (Arachnomorpha))
Arachnomorpha(2)	16	2069	369	131	480	82.165297	19.75	8	0.57143	87.75	0.31805	Camb-Sil	Wills et al. (1994, fig. 11. (Arachnomorpha))
Arachnomorpha(3)	20	2367	561	173	903	76.299113	1	10	0.55556	74.5	0.46849	Camb-Dev	Wills et al. (1998, fig. 2.1. (Arachnomorpha))
Chelicerata(2)	18	1654	522	173	1591	68.440145	0.1	11	0.6875	1	0.753879	Camb-Dev	Dunlop and Selden (1998, fig. 17.3.)
Chelicerata(1)	13	4346	1148	490	2089	73.584906	4.25	5	0.45455	96.25	0.58849	Ord-Neog	Brusca and Brusca (1990, fig. 31.)
Arachnida(3)	12	3647	1391	466	2293	61.859062	26.75	4	0.4	100	0.49371	Ord-Paleog	Selden (1993, fig. 3b.)
Arachnida(4)	12	4094	1543	466	1846	62.310699	67.5	3	0.3	97.75	0.21956	Ord-Paleog	Selden (1993, fig. 3c.)
Arachnida(2)	11	3109	1255	436	1742	59.633323	36	4	0.44444	46.75	0.37289	Sil-Neog	Selden (1993, fig. 3a.)
Arachnida(1)	8	1178	590	384	1083	49.91511	2.25	5	0.83333	1	0.70529	Sil-Paleog	Selden (1991, fig. 3.)
Acarida	8	909	890	399	2283	2.090209	11	2	0.33333	100	0.73938	Dev-Rec	Bernini (1986, fig. 5.)
Ricinulei	3	345	–	325	325	5.797101	100	0	0	100	–	Carb-Rec	Selden (1992, fig. 2. (genera collapsed to families))
Scorpionida	5	652	107	107	315	83.588957	2	3	1	2	1	Sil-Carb	Jeram (1994, fig. 1. (group A and group B collapsed))
Scorpionoidea	5	35	140	35	140	-300	100	0	0	100	0	Paleog-Rec	Stockwell (1989, fig. 251.)
Araneoidea	11	575	797	161	1196	-38.608696	70	3	0.33333	100	0.38551	Jur-Rec	Heimer and Nentwig (1982, fig. 4. (nodes collapsed to the family level))
Haplogynae	17	285	210	35	310	26.315789	16.75	11	0.73333	7.25	0.36364	Paleog-Rec	Coddington and Levi (1991, fig. 2. (Haplogynae only))
Lycosoidea	10	204	146	35	146	28.431373	100	6	0.75	60.75	0	Paleog-Rec	Coddington and Levi (1991, fig. 1)
Mygalomorphae	15	603	802	243	3042	-33.001658	1.25	8	0.61538	4	0.80029	Tri-Rec	Raven (1985, fig. 1.)
Mygalomorphae(2)	21	2028	1318	413	6348	35.009862	16.75	12	0.63158	0.25	0.84752	Sil-Rec	Coddington and Levi (1991, fig. 1. )
Orbiculariae	13	408	695	146	1490	-70.343137	34.75	5	0.45455	60.75	0.59152	Cret-Rec	Coddington and Levi (1991, fig. 1)
Palpimanoidea	9	196	854	161	1253	-335.71429	79.25	2	0.28571	100	0.36538	Jur-Rec	Coddington and Levi (1991, fig. 2. (Palpimanoidea only))
Trilobita(1)	7	1209	–	0	0	100	100	5	1	100	–	Camb	Fortey (1990, fig. 14.)
Trilobita(2)	5	1902	–	173	173	90.904311	100	3	1	35.25	–	Camb-Dev	Fortey and Whittington (1989, fig. 1a.)
Crozonaspis	7	70	20	12	48	71.428571	1.75	4	0.8	10.25	0.77778	Ord	Henry (1984, fig. 3.)
Echinolichinae	4	31	20	10	20	35.483871	100	2	1	69.25	0	Dev	Thomas and Holloway (1988, fig. 361.)
Homolichinae	9	306	96	67	352	68.627451	34.25	5	0.71429	3.5	0.89825	Ord	Thomas and Holloway (1988, fig. 362.)
Lichinae	8	109	85	59	243	22.018349	8.75	5	0.83333	2.75	0.8587	Ord-Dev	Thomas and Holloway (1988, fig. 360.)
Tetralichinae	4	109	79	54	108	27.522936	34.25	1	0.5	50.5	0.53704	Ord-Sil	Thomas and Holloway (1988, fig. 363.)
Trochurinae	12	241	274	56	302	-13.692946	59.75	5	0.5	75.75	0.11382	Ord-Dev	Thomas and Holloway (1988, fig. 364.)
Crustacea(1)	18	3390	1935	572	2663	42.920354	11.25	7	0.4375	98	0.34816	Camb-Rec	Briggs et al. (1992, fig. 2. (Crustacea/Crustacenomorpha))
Crustacea(2)	7	2217	1787	572	1787	19.39558	100	1	0.2	94	0	Camb-Rec	Sanders (1965, fig. 9.)
Crustacea(3)	14	2850	2035	384	2268	28.596491	55	5	0.41667	29.5	0.12367	Dev-Rec	Schram (1986, fig. 1. )
Crustacea(4)	20	3929	2265	572	3359	42.351743	4	9	0.5	70.5	0.39254	Camb-Rec	Wills et al. (1994, fig. 11. (Crustacean/crustaceanomorph clade))
Crustacea(5)	22	2827	3509	572	4322	-24.124514	33.75	9	0.45	65	0.2168	Camb-Rec	Wills et al. (1998, fig. 2.1. (Crustacean/crustaceanomorph clade))
Phyllopod Biantennata	8	1055	287	179	667	72.796209	4.5	2	0.33333	91.75	0.77869	Camb-Dev	Bousfield (1995, fig. 9. (Phyllopod Biantennata))
Eumalacostraca(4)	23	3625	3336	370	4030	7.972414	57.5	8	0.38095	49	0.18962	Dev-Rec	Wills (1998, fig. 15.3b.)
Eumalacostraca(1)	8	2116	821	370	844	61.200378	72.5	2	0.33333	71.75	0.04852	Dev-Rec	Nylund et al. (1987, fig. 5.)
Eumalacostraca(2)	24	3642	3579	370	4048	1.729819	80	6	0.27273	95.75	0.12751	Dev-Rec	Schram (1986, fig. 43-3.)
Eumalacostraca(3)	12	2955	1385	370	1485	53.130288	51.75	4	0.4	32	0.08969	Dev-Rec	Watling (1983, fig. 4. )
Peracarida	8	1759	1148	365	1161	34.735645	100	3	0.5	88.25	0.01633	Carb-Rec	Pires (1987, fig. 23.)
Isopoda	4	490	494	247	498	-0.816327	53	1	0.5	53	0.01594	Tri-Rec	Brandt (1992, fig. 3a.)
Tanaidacea	12	665	391	352	3559	41.203008	1.25	9	0.9	1.25	0.98784	Carb-Rec	Sieg (1988, fig. 1. )
Caridea	8	91	189	56	357	-107.69231	25	3	0.5	30	0.55814	Paleog-Rec	Christoffersen (1990, fig. 1.(?))
Brachyura	7	583	313	91	404	46.312178	47	1	0.2	100	0.29073	Cret-Paleog	Spears (1992, fig. 2. (Raninidae and above))
Hoplocarida	4	290	226	213	256	22.068966	16	1	0.5	48.75	0.69767	Carb-Jur	Schram (1986, fig. 43-4.)
Maxillopoda(1)	10	1735	2705	572	3985	-55.907781	44.25	3	0.375	71.25	0.37504	Camb-Rec	Schram (1986, fig. 43-6.)
Maxillopoda(2)	11	1788	1810	572	2456	-1.230425	31.75	5	0.55556	24.75	0.34289	Camb-Rec	Wills (1998, fig. 15.4. (Maxillopod clade))
Copepoda(3)	8	156	604	124	836	-287.17949	53.25	2	0.33333	46.5	0.32584	Cret-Rec	Huys and Boxshall (1991, fig. 4.3.2.)
Copepoda(1)	10	156	836	124	1084	-435.89744	89	2	0.25	88	0.25833	Cret-Rec	Ho (1994, fig. 4.)
Copepoda(4)	10	156	728	124	1084	-366.66667	91.5	3	0.375	89.25	0.37083	Cret-Rec	Ho (1990, fig. 4.1.6.)
Copepoda(2)	10	156	960	124	1084	-515.38462	93.5	1	0.125	100	0.12917	Cret-Rec	Ho (1994, fig. 1.)
Copepoda(5)	10	156	512	124	1084	-228.20513	23.75	3	0.375	38.75	0.59583	Cret-Rec	Wills (1998, fig. 15.4. (Copepod clade))
Myodocopina	7	1851	408	317	566	77.957861	6.75	3	0.6	37	0.63454	Sil-Cret	Vannier and Abe (1992, fig. 8.)
Phyllopoda	10	1848	1525	572	2782	17.478355	28.5	1	0.16667	100	0.56878	Camb-Rec	Schram (1986, fig. 43-5.)
Branchiopoda(2)	5	960	811	372	917	15.520833	100	1	0.33333	100	0.19449	Dev-Paleog	Wills (1998, fig. 15.4. (Branchiopod clade))
Branchiopoda(1)	8	1545	1080	533	1948	30.097087	6.5	4	0.66667	3.5	0.61343	Camb-Paleog	Walossek (1993, fig. 41.)
Cladocera	7	557	557	411	2320	0	5.75	4	0.8	12.5	0.92352	Dev-Rec	Martin and Cash-Clark (1995, fig. 23.)

---

References for tested cladograms

• Andersen, N.M. (1979) Phylogenetic inference as applied to the study of evolutionary diversification of semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha). Systematic Zoology, 28, 554-578.
• Baccetti, B. (1979) Ultrastructure of sperm and its bearing on arthropod phylogeny. Pp. 609-644 in Gupta, A. P. (ed.), Arthropod Phylogeny. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
• Baehr, M. (1979) Vergleichende Untersuchungen am Skelett und an der Coxalmuskulatur des Prothorax der Coleoptera. Ein Beitrag zur Kldrung der phylogenetischen Beziehungen der Adephaga (Coleoptera, Insecta). Zoologica 44, 1-76. http://phylogeny.arizona.ed
• Ballard, J.W.O., Olsen, G.J., Faith, D.P, Odgers, W.A., Rowell, D.M. and Atkinson, P. W. (1992) Evidence from 12S ribosomal RNA that onychophorans are modified arthropods. Science, 258: 1345-1348.
• Bernini, F. (1986) Current ideas on the phylogeny and the adaptive raditions of Acarida. Bollettino di Zoologia, 53, 279-313.
• Beutel, R.G. (1992) Larval head structures of Ommoglymmius hamatus and their implications for the relationships of Rhysodidae (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 23, 169-184.
• Beutel, R.G. (1993) Phylogenetic analysis of adephaga (coleoptera) based on characters of the larval head. Systematic Entomology 18, 127-147.
• Beutel, R.G. (1995) Pp. 173-217 in Pakaluk and Slipinski (eds.). The Adephaga (Coleoptera): phylogeny and evolutionary history. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/coleoptera/adephaga/adephaga.html
• Boudreaux, H.B. (1979). Significance of intersegmental tendon systems in arthropod phylogeny, and a monophyletic classification of the Arthropoda. Pp. 551-586 in Gupta, A. P. (ed.), Arthropod Phylogeny. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
• Bourgoin, T. (1986) Valeur morphologique de la lame maxillaire chez les Hemiptera; remarques phyloginitiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 22, 413-422.
• Bousfield, E.L. (1995) A contribution to the natural classification of Lower and Middle Cambrian Arthropods: food gathering and feeding mechanisms. Amphipacifica 2, 3-34.
• Brandt, A. (1992) Origin of Antarctic Isopoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca). Marine Biology 113, 415-423.
• Briggs, D.E.G. and Fortey, R. A. (1989) The early radiation and relationships of the major arthropod groups. Science 246, 241-243.
• Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R. A. and Wills, M. A. (1992) Morphological disparity in the Cambrian. Science 256, 1670-1673.
• Browne, D.J. and Scholtz, C.H. (1995) Phylogeny of the families of Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) based on characters of the hindwing articulation, hindwing base and wing venation. Systematic Entomology, 20, 145-173.
• Brusca, C. and Brusca, G.J. (1990) Phylum Arthropoda: the Cheliceriformes. Pp. 493-542 in Brusca, C. and Brusca, G.J. Invertebrates. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
• Brusca, C. and Brusca, G.J. (1990) Phylum Arthropoda: the insects and myriapods. Pp. 543-593 in Brusca, C. and Brusca, G.J. Invertebrates. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
• Budd, G. (1993) A Cambrian gilled lobopod from Greenland. Nature 364, 709-711.
• Butler, J.E. and Leone, C.A. (1967) Systematic Zoology 16, 56-63.
• Carpenter, J.M. (1986) Cladistics of the Chrysidoidea (Hymenoptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 94, 303-330.
• Christoffersen, M.L. (1990) A new superfamily classification of the Caridea (Crustacea, Pleocyemata) based on phylogenetic pattern. Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 28, 94-106.
• Cisne, J.L. (1974) Trilobites and the origins of arthropods. Science, 186, 13-18.
• Coddington, J.A. and Levi, H.W. (1991) Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae). Annual review of Ecology and Systematics, 22, 565-592. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/arachnida/araneae/haplogynae.html http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/arachnida/araneae/palpimanoidea.html http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/arachnida/araneae/lycosoidea.html http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/arachnida/araneae/mygalomorphae.html http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/arachnida/araneae/orbicularia.html
• Courtney, G.W. (1990) Cuticular morphology of larval mountain midges (Diptera, Deuterophlebidae): implications for the phylogenetic relationships of Nematocera. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 556-578.
• Crespi, B., Careman, D., Vawter, L. and vonDohlen, C. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Thysanoptera. Systematic Entomology, 21, 79-87.
• Cumming, J.M., Sinclair, B.J. and Wood, M. (1995) Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera – Eremoneura. Entomologica scandinavica 26, 120-151.
• de Jong, R. , Vane-Wright, R.I, and Ackery, P.R. (1996). The higher classification of butterflies (Lepidoptera): problems and prospects. Entomologca Scandinavica, 27, 65-101.
• Dietrich, C.H. and Deitz, L.L. (1993) Superfamily Membracoidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). II. Cladistic analysis and conclusions. Systematic Entomology, 18, 297-311.
• Dohle, W. (1985) Phylogenetic pathways in the Chilopoda. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 55, 55-66.
• Duncan, I. 1996? PhD. Thesis, University of Bristol.
• Dunlop, J.A. and Selden, P.A. (1998) The early history and phylogeny of the chelicerates. Pp. 221-235 in R.A. Fortey and R.H. Thomas (eds.), Arthropod Relationships. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Edmunds, G.F. (1962) The principles applied in determining the hierarchic level of the higher categories of Ephemoptera. Systematic Zoology, 11, 22-31.
• Enghoff, H. (1981) A cladistic-analysis and classification of the millipede order Julida. Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 19, 285-319.
• Enghoff, H. (1991) Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 29, 241-263.
• Fortey, R.A. (1990) Ontogeny, hypostome attachment and trilobite classification. Palaeontology, 33, 529-576.
• Fortey, R.A. and Whittington, H.B. (1989) The Trilobita as a natural group. Historical Biology, 2, 125-138.
• Friedlander, T.P., Regier, J.C., Mitter, C. and Wagner, D.L. (1996) A nuclear gene for higher level phylogenetics: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase tracks Mesozoic-age divergences within Lepidoptera (Insecta). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 594-604.
• Griffiths, G.C.D. (1976) The future of Linnean nomenclature. Systematic Zoology 25, 168-173.
• Haas, F. (1995) The phylogeny of the Forficulina, a suborder of the Dermaptera. Systematic Entomology, 20, 85-98.
• Heie, O.E. (1987) Palaeontology and phylogeny. In Minks, A. K. and Harrewijn, P. Aphids: their biology, natural enemies, and control, vol 2A. Elsevier, Amsterdam. http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/aphids/aphidoidea/aphidoidea.html
• Heimer, S. and Nentwig, W. (1982) Thoughts on the phylogeny of the Araneoidea Latreille, 1806 (Arachnida, Araneae). Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 20, 284-295.
• Henry, J.-L. (1984) Analyse cladistique et Trilobites: un point de vue. Lethaia, 17, 61-66.
• Heymer, A. (1975) Der stammesgeshichtliche augesswert der Pterostigma-Oberfldchenfeinstruktur bei Odonaten. Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 13, 81-91.
• Ho, J.-s. (1994) Copepod phylogeny: a reconsideration of Huys and Boxshall’s ‘parsimony versus homology’. Hydrobiologia, 292, 31-39.
• Hou, X. and Bergstrom, J. (1995) Cambrian lobopodians – ancestors of extant onychophorans. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 114, 3-19. Fig. 7.
• Howland, D.E. and Hewitt, G.M. (1995) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence data. Insect Molecular Biology, 4, 203-215.
• Huys, R. and Boxshall, G.A. (1991) Copepod Evolution, The Ray Society. London.
• Jeram, A.J. (1994) Scorpions from the Visian of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland, with a revision of the infraorder Mesoscorpionina. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 84, 283-299.
• Kavanaugh, D.H. (1986) A systematic review of amphizoid beetles (Amphizoidae: Coleoptera) and their phylogenetic relationships to other Adephaga. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 44, 67-109. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/
• King, D.G. (1991 ) The origin of an organ: phylogenetic analysis of evolutionary innovation in the digestive tract of flies (Insecta: Diptera). Evolution, 45, 568-588.
• Kinzelbah, R. and Pohl, H. (1994) The fossil Strepsiptera (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87, 59-70.
• Kobayashi, Y. and Ando, H. (1988). Phylogenetic relationships among the lepidopteran and trichopteran suborders (Insecta) from the embryological standpoint. Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 26, 186-210.
• Kristensen, N.P. (1975) Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 13, 1-44.
• Kristensen, N.P. (1976) Remarks on the family-level phylogeny of butterflies (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 14, 25-33.
• Kukalova-Peck, J. and Peck, S.B. (1993) Zoraptera wing structures: evidence for new genera and relationships within the blattoid orders (Insecta: Blattoneoptera). Systematic Entomology, 18, 333-350.
• Lyal, C.H.C. (1985) Phylogeny and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera). Systematic Entomology, 10, 145-165.
• Mahner, M. (1993) Systema cryptoceratorum phylogeneticum (Insecta, Heteroptera). Zoologica, 143, 1-302. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/hemiptera/nepomorpha/nepomorpha.html
• Martin, J.A. and Pashley, D.P. (1992) Molecular systematic analysis of butterfly family and some subfamily relationships (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 85, 127-139.
• Martin, J.W. and Cash-Clark, C.E. (1995) The external morphology of the onychoped cladoceran genus Bythotrephes (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Onychopoda, Cercopagididae), with notes on the morphology and phylogeny of the Order Onychopoda. Zoologica Scripta
• McAlpine, J.F. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha. Pp. 1397-1518 In McAlpine J.F. and Wood D.M. (eds.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera 3. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 32.
• McCafferty, W.P. (1991) Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Ephemoptera (Insecta): a commentary on systematics. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 84, 343-360.
• Miller, D.R., and Miller, G.L. (1993). Description of a new genus of scale insect with a discussion of relationships among families related to the Kermesidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Systematic Entomology, 18, 237-251.
• Monge-Najera, J. (1995) Cambrian lobopodians – ancestors of extant onychophorans? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 114, 21-60. Fig. 2.
• Moura, G. and Christoffersen, M.L. (1996) The system of the mandibulate arthropods: Tracheata and Remipedia as sister groups, “Crustacea” non-monophyletic. Journal of Comparative Biology, 1, 95-113. Fig. 1.
• Nagatomi, A., Saigusa, T., Nagatomi, H. and Lyneborg, L. (1991) The systematic position of the Apsilocephalidae, Rhagionemphididae, Protemphididae, Hilarimorphidae, Vermileonidae and some genera of Bombyliidae (Insecta, Diptera). Biological Science, 8, 593-607.
• Nelson, C. (1984) Numerical cladistic analysis of phylogenetic relationships in Plecoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77, 466-473.
• Nielsen, E.S. (1989) Phylogeny of major lepidopteran groups. Pp. 281-294 in Fernholm, B, Bremer, K. and Jvrnvall, H. (eds.). The Hierarchy of Life. Elsevier, Amsterdam. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/lepidopter
• Nylund, A., Okland, S. and Tjonneland, A. (1987) The crustacean heart ultrastructure and its bearing upon the position of the isopods in eumalacostracan phylogeny. Zoologica Scripta, 16, 235-241.
• Oswald, J.D. (1995) Revision of the African silky lacewing genus Zygophlebius Navas (Neuroptera, Psychopsidae). African Entomology, 2, 83-96. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/neuroptera/neuroptera.html
• Paulus, H.F. (1979) Eye structure and the monophyly of the Arthropoda. Pp. 299-383 in Gupta, A.P. (ed.), Arthropod Phylogeny. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
• Pawloski, J., Szadziewski, R., Kmieciak, D., Fahrni, J. and Bittar, G. (1996) Phylogeny of the infraorder Culicimorpha (Diptera: Nematocera) based on 28S RNA gene sequences. Systematic Entomology, 21, 167-178.
• Pires, A.M. (1987) Potiicoara brasiliensis: a new genus and species of Spelaeogriphacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) from Brazil with a phylogenetic analysis of the Peracarida. Journal of Natural History 21, 225-238.
• Pollock, D.A. (1994) Systematic position of pilipalpinae (Coleoptera, Tenebrionoidea) and composition of Pyrochroidae. The Canadian Entomologist, 126, 515-532.
• Popham, E.J. (1965) The functional morphology of the reproductive organs of the common (Forficula auricularia) earwig and other Dermaptera, with reference to the natural classification of the order. Journal of Zoology, 146, 1-43. http://phylogeny.arizon
• Brothers, D.J. (1975) Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. Kansas University Scientific Bulletin, 50, 483-648. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/h
• Rasnitsyn, A.P. (1998) Problem of the basal dichotomy of the winged insects. Pp. 237-248 in R. A. Fortey and R. H. Thomas (eds.), Arthropod Relationships. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Raven, R.J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1-180.
• Regenfu_, H. (1975) Die Antennen-Putzeinrichtung der Adephaga (Coleoptera), parallele evolutive Vervollkommung einer komplexen Struktur. Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 13, 278-299.
• Rieger, C. (1976) Skelett und Muskulature des Kopfes und Prothorax von Ochterus marginatus Latreille. Zoomorphologie, 83, 109-191. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/hemiptera/nepomorpha/nepomorpha.html
• Sanders, H.L. (1965) The Cephalocarida and crustacean phylogeny. Systematic Zoology, 14, 112-128
• Schmidt Nielsen, E. and Davis. D.R. (1985) The first southern hemisphere prodoxid and the phylogeny of the Incurvarioidea (Lepidoptera). Systematic Entomology, 10, 307-322.
• Schram, F.R. (1981) On the classification of the Eumalacostraca. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 1, 1-10.
• Schram, F.R. (1986) Crustacea. Oxford University Press.
• Schuh, R.T., and Stys, P. (1991) Phylogenetic analyis of cimicomorphan family relationships (Heteroptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 99, 298-350. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/hemiptera/ci
• Selden, P.A. (1991) A spider and other arachnids from the Devonian of New York, and reinterpretations of Devonian Araneae. Palaeontology, 34, 241-281.
• Selden, P.A. (1992) Revision of fossil ricinuleids. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 83, 595-634.
• Selden, P.A. (1993) Fossil arachnids – recent advances and future prospects. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 33, 389-400.
• Sieg, V. (1988) The phylogenetic system of the Tanaidacea and the question of age and origin of the crustacean fauna on the antarctic shelf. Zeitschrift f|r zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 26, 363-379.
• Sinclair, B.J. (1992) A phylogenetic interpretation of the Brachycera (Diptera) based on the larval mandible and associated moutpart structures. Systematic Entomology, 17, 233-252.
• Soto, F.N. (1994) Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87, 723-736.
• Spears, T., Abele, L. G. and Kim, W. (1992) The monophyly of brachyuran crabs – a phylogenetic study based on 18s-ribosomal-RNA. Systematic Biology, 41, 446-461.
• Spence, J.R. and Andersen, N.M. (1994) Biology of water striders – interactions between systematics and ecology. Annual Review of Entomology, 39, 101-128. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/hemiptera/gerromorpha/ger
• Stockwell, S.A. (1989) Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. http://wrbu.si.edu/www/stockwell/phylogeny/scorpionoidea/scorpionoidea.html
• Stys, P. and Bilinsky, S. (1990) Ovariole types and the phylogeny of hexapods. Biological Reviews, 65, 401-429.
• Stys, P., Zrzavy, J. and Weyda, F. (1993) Phylogeny of the Hexapoda and ovarian metamerism. Biological Review 68, 365-379.
• Thomas, A.T. and Holloway, D.J. (1988) Classification and phylogeny of the trilobite order Lichida. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 321, 179-262.
• Thorne, B.L. and Carpenter, J.M. (1992) Phylogeny of the Dictyoptera. Systematic Entomology, 17, 253-268.
• Vannier, J. and Abe, K. (1992) Recent and early paleozoic myodocope ostracodes – functional-morphology, phylogeny, distribution and life-styles. Palaeontology, 35, 485-517.
• von Dohlen, C.D. and Moran, N.A. (1995) Molecular phylogeny of the Homoptera: a paraphyletic taxon. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 41, 211-223.
• Wada, S. (1991) Morphologische Indizien f|r das unmittelbare Schwestergruppenverhdltnis der Schizophora mit den Syrphoidea (‘Aschiza’) in der phylogenetischen Systematik der Cyclorrhapha (Diptera: Brachycera). Journal of Natural History, 25, 1531-1570.
• Walossek, D. (1993) The Upper Cambran Rehbachiella and the phylogeny of the Branchiopoda and Crustacea. Fossils and Strata 32.
• Watling, L. (1983) Peracaridan disunity and its bearing on eumalcostracan phylogeny with a redefinition of eumalacostracan superorders. Pp. 213-228 in Schram, F.R. (ed.), Crustacean Issues, Vol. 1., Crustacean Phylogeny, Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Weller, S.J., Pashley, D.P., Martin, J.A., and Constable, J.L. (1994) Phylogeny of noctuid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Systematic Biology, 43, 194-211.
• Weygoldt, P. (1979) Significance of later embryonic stages and head development in arthropod phylogeny. Pp. 107-135 in Gupta, A.P. (ed.), Arthropod Phylogeny. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
• Wiggins, G.B. and Wichard, W. (1989) Phylogeny of pupation in Trichoptera, with proposals on the origin and higher classification of the order. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 8, 260-276.
• Willman, R. (1987) The phylogenetic system of the Mecoptera. Systematic Entomology, 12, 519-524.
• Wills M.A. (1998) A phylogeny of Recent and fossil Crustacea derived from morphological characters. Pp. 189-210 in R. A. Fortey and R. H. Thomas (eds.), Arthropod Relationships. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Wills, M.A., Briggs, D.E.G. and Fortey, R.A. (1994) Disparity as an evolutionary index – a comparison of Cambrian and Recent arthropods. Paleobiology 20, 93-130.
• Wills, M.A., Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R.A., Wilkinson, W., Sneath, P.H.A. (1998) An arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and Recent taxa. Pp. 33-105 in G.E. Edgecombe (ed.), Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny. Columbia University Press, New York.
• Wood D. M. and Borkent A. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of the Nematocera. Pp. 1333-1370 In McAlpine J.F. and Wood D.M. (eds.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera 3. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.
• Woodley, N.E. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of the “Orthorrhaphous” Brachycera. Pp. 1371-1395 In McAlpine J.F. and Wood D.M. (eds.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera 3. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 32.
• Zessin, W. (1985) Neue oberliassiche Apocrita und die Phylogenie der Hymenoptera. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 32, 129-142.