List of cladograms tested for their correspondence with stratigraphic data. Cladograms are listed alphabetically. For each group, data are listed in order, as follows:
- Group name
- Tree size (number of terminals)
- SRL, Standard range length, the total time represented by known fossil ranges
- MIG, Minimum implied gap or ‘ghost range’
- Gmin, the minimum possible ghost range when cladogram branches are rearranged
- Gmax, the maximum possible ghost range when cladogram branches are rearranged
- RCI, the Relative completeness index (Benton, 1994)
- RCI and GER Sig., significance of the RCI and GER measures
- No. consistent nodes, the number of stratigraphically consistent nodes
- SCI, the Stratigraphic consistency index (Huelsenbeck, 1994)
- SCI Sig., significance of the SCI measure
- GER, the Gap excess ratio (Wills, 1999)
- Range, the broad stratigraphic range of the cladogram
- Reference, the source of the cladogram assessed
|
Articulata(1) |
10 |
733 |
204 |
139 |
974 |
72.169168 |
0.75 |
4 |
0.5 |
11.75 |
0.92216 |
Carb-Jur |
Simms (1988, fig. 21.1) |
|
Articulata(2) |
12 |
1024 |
354 |
252 |
1716 |
65.429688 |
0.75 |
8 |
0.8 |
11.75 |
0.93033 |
Ord-Tri |
Simms and Sevastopulo (1993, fig. 2) |
|
Articulata(3) |
9 |
474 |
318 |
247 |
1019 |
32.911392 |
0.75 |
5 |
0.714286 |
0.25 |
0.90803 |
Tri-Neog |
Milsom et al. (1994, fig. 2) |
|
Asteroidea(1) |
9 |
858 |
382 |
304 |
1312 |
55.477855 |
0.75 |
3 |
0.428571 |
15.75 |
0.92262 |
Ord-Jur |
Blake (1987, fig. 8) |
|
Asteroidea(2) |
11 |
1310 |
690 |
313 |
1599 |
47.328244 |
2.25 |
5 |
0.555556 |
14 |
0.70684 |
Carb-Paleog |
Blake (1987, fig. 10) |
|
Camarodonta(1) |
6 |
244 |
142 |
130 |
566 |
41.803279 |
20.5 |
1 |
0.25 |
69.5 |
0.97248 |
Cret-Neog |
Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout) |
|
Camarodonta(2) |
8 |
547 |
268 |
212 |
1033 |
51.005484 |
20.5 |
4 |
0.666667 |
1.25 |
0.93179 |
Cret-Neog |
Smith (1988b, fig. 9) |
|
Camerata |
5 |
1258 |
126 |
63 |
126 |
89.984102 |
100 |
1 |
0.333333 |
100 |
0 |
Ord-Sil |
Simms (1994, fig. 5) |
|
Cassiduloida |
8 |
670 |
113 |
113 |
507 |
83.134328 |
100 |
6 |
1 |
100 |
1 |
Jur-Cret |
Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout) |
|
Cidaroidea |
9 |
264 |
15 |
15 |
113 |
94.318182 |
0.25 |
7 |
1 |
0.25 |
1 |
Perm-Tri |
Smith (1990, fig. 3) |
|
Clypeasteroida(1) |
8 |
314 |
122 |
40 |
134 |
61.146497 |
17.5 |
4 |
0.571429 |
70.25 |
0.12766 |
Paleog-Neog |
Durham (1966) |
|
Clypeasteroida(2) |
9 |
324 |
104 |
46 |
180 |
67.901235 |
9.5 |
5 |
0.714286 |
21.5 |
0.56716 |
Paleog-Neog |
Seilacher (1979, fig. 28) |
|
Clypeasteroida(3) |
9 |
324 |
68 |
46 |
180 |
79.012346 |
9.5 |
7 |
1 |
21.5 |
0.83582 |
Paleog-Neog |
Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout) |
|
Crinoidea |
9 |
1190 |
361 |
265 |
463 |
69.663866 |
18.25 |
4 |
0.571429 |
31.75 |
0.51515 |
Ord-Perm |
Simms (1994, fig. 4) |
|
Cryptocrinoida |
5 |
141 |
75 |
25 |
92 |
46.808511 |
59.75 |
1 |
0.333333 |
59.75 |
0.25373 |
Ord |
Paul (1988, fig. 16.4) |
|
Cystoidea(1) |
5 |
735 |
53 |
53 |
155 |
92.789116 |
18 |
3 |
1 |
9 |
1 |
Camb |
Paul (1988, fig. 16.1) |
|
Cystoidea(2) |
10 |
434 |
165 |
106 |
529 |
61.981567 |
0.25 |
6 |
0.75 |
0.5 |
0.86052 |
Camb-Sil |
Paul (1988, fig. 16.3) |
|
Cystoidea-Rhipidocystidae |
8 |
140 |
88 |
72 |
447 |
37.142857 |
0.5 |
4 |
0.666667 |
6 |
0.957333 |
Camb-Ord |
Dean & Smith (1998, fig. 7) |
|
Diadematacea(1) |
5 |
800 |
304 |
237 |
385 |
62 |
26.25 |
1 |
0.333333 |
56.25 |
0.5473 |
Tri-Neog |
Jensen (1981, fig. 23.7a) |
|
Diadematacea(2) |
5 |
800 |
304 |
237 |
385 |
62 |
23.25 |
1 |
0.333333 |
61 |
0.5473 |
Tri-Neog |
Emlet (1988, fig. 23.7b) |
|
Echinodermata(1) |
5 |
2358 |
151 |
101 |
202 |
93.596268 |
32 |
3 |
1 |
12 |
0.50495 |
Ord-Sil |
Matsumara et al. (1979, fig. 4.2c) |
|
Echinodermata(2) |
16 |
3774 |
705 |
349 |
1552 |
81.319555 |
0.25 |
7 |
0.5 |
10.75 |
0.70407 |
Vend-Dev |
Smith (1984a, fig. 15) |
|
Echinodermata(3) |
5 |
2358 |
101 |
101 |
202 |
95.716709 |
3.25 |
3 |
1 |
3.25 |
1 |
Ord-Sil |
Raff et al. (1988, fig. 3.3) |
|
Echinodermata(4) |
5 |
1700 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
100 |
3 |
1 |
100 |
Camb |
Paul and Smith (1984, fig. 12) |
||
|
Echinodermata(5) |
5 |
2358 |
168 |
101 |
202 |
92.875318 |
48.5 |
2 |
0.666667 |
32.75 |
0.33663 |
Camb-Sil |
Smiley (1988, fig. 6.1) |
|
Echinodermata(6) |
9 |
2692 |
262 |
161 |
715 |
90.267459 |
1 |
4 |
0.571429 |
4 |
0.81769 |
Camb-Sil |
Smith (1988a, fig 7.6) |
|
Echinoidea(1) |
19 |
2779 |
715 |
358 |
3405 |
74.271321 |
1 |
6 |
0.352941 |
2.25 |
0.88284 |
Sil-Cret |
Smith (1984b, fig. 1.5) |
|
Echinoidea(2) |
6 |
1103 |
323 |
271 |
1135 |
70.716228 |
4.75 |
2 |
0.5 |
13 |
0.93982 |
Ord-Jur |
Smith (1984b, fig. 7.1) |
|
Echinoidea(3) |
5 |
823 |
266 |
214 |
362 |
67.679222 |
16.5 |
1 |
0.333333 |
100 |
0.64865 |
Tri-Neog |
Raff et al. (1988, fig. 3.3) |
|
Echinoidea(4) |
5 |
793 |
313 |
170 |
606 |
60.529634 |
5 |
2 |
0.666667 |
18.75 |
0.67202 |
Dev-Tri |
Smith and Hollingworth (1990, fig. 12a) |
|
Echinoidea(5) |
5 |
525 |
264 |
227 |
660 |
49.714286 |
4.5 |
2 |
0.666667 |
17.5 |
0.91455 |
Tri-Neog |
Feral and Derelle (1991, fig. 2a) |
|
Echinoidea(6) |
5 |
525 |
318 |
227 |
660 |
39.428571 |
17 |
2 |
0.666667 |
17 |
0.78984 |
Tri-Paleog |
Smith (1992, fig. 2c) |
|
Echinoidea(7) |
7 |
733 |
343 |
227 |
926 |
53.206003 |
0.75 |
4 |
0.8 |
1 |
0.83405 |
Tri-Neog |
Smith et al. (1992, fig. 2) |
|
Echinoidea(8) |
6 |
457 |
83 |
65 |
189 |
81.838074 |
2.5 |
3 |
0.75 |
6.5 |
0.85484 |
Ord-Dev |
Smith (1984b, fig. 7.2) |
|
Edrioasteroidea(1) |
6 |
546 |
106 |
106 |
285 |
80.586081 |
1.25 |
4 |
1 |
1.25 |
1 |
Camb-Ord |
Smith (1985, fig. 12) |
|
Edrioasteroidea(2) |
10 |
315 |
178 |
135 |
769 |
43.492063 |
0.25 |
7 |
0.875 |
1.25 |
0.93218 |
Ord-Carb |
Smith and Arbizu (1987, fig. 8) |
|
Eleutherozoa(1) |
8 |
2139 |
203 |
111 |
287 |
90.509584 |
6 |
3 |
0.5 |
34.25 |
0.47727 |
Ord-Dev |
Smith (1984b, fig. 9.4) |
|
Eleutherozoa(2) |
9 |
438 |
127 |
127 |
460 |
71.004566 |
0.25 |
6 |
0.857143 |
0.5 |
1 |
Camb-Ord |
Smith (1988a, fig. 8) |
|
Eognathostomata |
8 |
510 |
209 |
136 |
569 |
59.019608 |
1.25 |
4 |
0.666667 |
10.25 |
0.83141 |
Jur-Paleog |
Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout) |
|
Holasteroida(1) |
6 |
223 |
141 |
141 |
474 |
36.7713 |
0.25 |
4 |
1 |
0.25 |
1 |
Cret-Neog |
Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout) |
|
Holasteroida(2) |
6 |
223 |
270 |
141 |
474 |
-21.076233 |
13.25 |
1 |
0.25 |
100 |
0.61261 |
Cret-Neog |
David (1988, fig. 25.7) |
|
Holasteroida(3) |
6 |
223 |
164 |
141 |
474 |
26.457399 |
1.75 |
2 |
0.5 |
50.25 |
0.93093 |
Cret-Neog |
David (1988, fig. 25.9) |
|
Hyposaleniinae |
10 |
145 |
106 |
67 |
290 |
26.896552 |
2.25 |
6 |
0.75 |
3 |
0.82511 |
Cret |
Smith and Wright (1990, fig. 53) |
|
Inadunata |
5 |
613 |
34 |
17 |
68 |
94.453507 |
40.75 |
2 |
0.666667 |
40.75 |
0.66667 |
Ord |
Donovan (1988, fig. 18.2) |
|
Neoasteroidea |
10 |
1582 |
395 |
187 |
518 |
75.031606 |
15 |
4 |
0.5 |
56.25 |
0.3716 |
Jur-Paleog |
Gale (1987, fig. 10) |
|
Neognathostomata |
6 |
394 |
138 |
128 |
618 |
64.974619 |
7.5 |
2 |
0.5 |
26 |
0.97959 |
Jur-Paleog |
Mooi (1990, fig. 1) |
|
Paracrinoida(1) |
12 |
508 |
54 |
29 |
254 |
89.370079 |
5.5 |
9 |
0.9 |
4.5 |
0.88889 |
Ord |
Smith (1984a, fig. 9) |
|
Paracrinoida(2) |
7 |
208 |
50 |
25 |
150 |
75.961538 |
13 |
4 |
0.8 |
13 |
0.8 |
Ord |
Paul (1988, fig. 16.5) |
|
Paxillosida |
6 |
392 |
528 |
174 |
652 |
-34.693878 |
53.5 |
1 |
0.25 |
67.5 |
0.25941 |
Jur-Neog |
Blake (1987, fig. 11) |
|
Psychocidaridae |
13 |
139 |
206 |
112 |
459 |
-48.201439 |
6.75 |
6 |
0.666667 |
67.5 |
0.72911 |
Cret-Neog |
Smith and Wright (1989, fig. 5) |
|
Rhombifera |
4 |
207 |
60 |
60 |
98 |
71.014493 |
24.25 |
2 |
1 |
14.5 |
1 |
Camb-Ord |
Paul (1988, fig. 16.2) |
|
Saleniinae |
9 |
103 |
188 |
58 |
323 |
-82.524272 |
13.75 |
4 |
0.571429 |
7.5 |
0.50943 |
Cret |
Smith and Wright (1990, fig. 28) |
|
Salenioida |
11 |
566 |
165 |
98 |
550 |
70.848057 |
0.25 |
4 |
0.444444 |
6.75 |
0.85177 |
Jur-Cret |
Smith and Wright (1990, fig. 26) |
|
Spatangoida |
10 |
904 |
207 |
96 |
514 |
77.10177 |
0.75 |
6 |
0.75 |
0.25 |
0.73445 |
Cret-Paleog |
Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout) |
|
Stereocidarini |
15 |
158 |
197 |
50 |
438 |
-24.683544 |
2.75 |
8 |
0.615385 |
3.25 |
0.62113 |
Cret |
Smith and Wright (1989, fig. 9) |
|
Stirodonta(1) |
6 |
874 |
131 |
64 |
131 |
85.011442 |
100 |
3 |
0.75 |
69.5 |
0 |
Jur |
Smith (1984b, fig. A1, foldout) |
|
Stirodonta(2) |
13 |
487 |
525 |
206 |
1290 |
-7.802875 |
100 |
7 |
0.636364 |
0.25 |
0.70572 |
Jur-Cret |
Smith (1994, fig. 6.7) |
|
Valvatida |
15 |
1514 |
1187 |
210 |
1636 |
21.598415 |
26.5 |
6 |
0.428571 |
67.75 |
0.31487 |
Jur-Neog |
Blake (1987, fig. 12) |
|
Velatida |
6 |
205 |
392 |
196 |
784 |
-91.219512 |
24.75 |
3 |
0.75 |
29.75 |
0.66667 |
Jur-Neog |
Blake (1987, fig. 13) |
|
Velatida |
6 |
205 |
196 |
196 |
784 |
4.390244 |
7 |
4 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
Jur-Rec |
Blake (1996, fig. 1) |
References for tested cladograms
- Blake, D. B. (1987) A classification and phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Journal of Natural History, 21, 481-528.
- Blake, D. B. (1996) Redescription and interpretation of the asteroid species Tropidaster pectinatus from the Jurassic of England. Palaeontology, 39, 179-188.
- David, B. (1988) Origins of the deep-sea holasteroid fauna. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 331-346. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Dean, J. and Smith, A. B. (1998) Palaeobiology of the primitive Ordovician pelmatozoan echinoderm Cardiocystites. Palaeontology, 41, 1183-1194.
- Donovan, S.K. (1988) The early evolution of the Crinoidea. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 235-244. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Durham, J.W. (1966) Clypeasteroids, pp. U450-U491. In R. C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology U, Echinodermata 3(2). Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.
- Emlet, R.B. (1988) Crystallographic axes of echinoid genital plates reflect larval form: some phylogenetic implications. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 299-310. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Féral, J.-P. and Derelle, E. (1991) Partial sequence of the 28S ribosomal RNA and the echinoid taxonomy and phylogeny. Application to the Antarctic brooding schizasteri. In Echinoderm Biology, edited by T. Yanagisawa, pp. 331-338. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
- Gale, A.S. (1987) Phylogeny and classification of the Asteroidea (Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 107-132.
- Jensen, M. (1981) Morphology and classification of the Euechinoidea Bronn, 1860 – a cladistic analysis. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 143, 7-99.
- Matsumura, T., Hasegawa, M., and Shigei, M. (1979) Collagen biochemistry and phylogeny of echinoderms. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 62B, 101-105.
- Milsom, C., Simms, M.J., and Gale, A.S. (1994) Phylogeny and palaeobiology of Marsupites and Uintacrinus. Palaeontology, 38, 595-607.
- Mooi, R. (1990) Paedomorphosis, Aristotle’s lantern, and the origin of the sand dollars (Echinodermata: Clypeasteroida). Paleobiology, 16, 25-48.
- Paul, C.R.C. (1988) The phylogeny of the cystoids. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 199-213. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Paul, C.R.C. and Smith, A.B. (1984) The early radiation and phylogeny of the echinoderms. Biological Reviews, 59, 443-481.
- Raff, R.A., Field, K.G., Ghiselin, M.T., Lane, D.J., Olsen, G.J., Pace, N.R., Parks, A.L., Parr, B.A., and Raff, E.C. (1988) Molecular analysis of distant phylogenetic relationships in echinoderms. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 29-41. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Seilacher, A. (1979) Constructional morphology of sand dollars. Paleobiology, 5, 191-221.
- Simms, M.J. (1988) The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic crinoids. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 269-284. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Simms, M.J. (1994) Reinterpretation of thecal plate homology and phylogeny in the Class Crinoidea. Lethaia, 26, 303-312.
- Simms, M.J. and Sevastopulo, G.D. (1993) The origin of articulate crinoids. Palaeontology, 36, 91-109.
- Smiley, S. (1988) The phylogenetic relationships of holothurians: a cladistic analysis of the extant echinoderm classes. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 69-84. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Smith, A.B. (1984a) Classification of the Echinodermata. Palaeontology, 27, 431-459.
- Smith, A.B. (1984b) Echinoid palaeobiology. London: George Allen and Unwin, 190 pp.
- Smith, A.B. (1985) Cambrian eleutherozoan echinoderms and the early diversification of edrioasteroids. Palaeontology, 28, 715-756.
- Smith, A.B. (1988a) Fossil evidence for the relationships of extant echinoderm classes and their times of divergence. In Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, edited by C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, pp. 85-97. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Smith, A.B. (1988b) Patterns of diversification and extinction in early Palaeozoic echinoderms. Palaeontology 31, 799–828.
- Smith, A.B. (1990) Echinoid evolution from the Triassic to Lower Liassic. Cahiers de l’Université Catholique de Lyon, Séries Scientifique 3, 79–117.
- Smith, A.B. (1992) Echinoderm phylogeny: Morphology and molecules approach accord. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7, 224–229.
- Smith, A.B. and Arbizu, M.A. (1987) Inverse larval development in a Devonian edrioas-teroid from Spain and the phylogeny of Agelacrinitinae. Lethaia 20, 49–62.
- Smith, A.B. and Hollingworth, N.T.J. (1990) Tooth structure and phylogeny of the Upper Permian echinoid Miocidaris keyserlingi. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 48, 47–60.
- Smith, A.B. and Wright, C.W. (1989) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 1, General introduction and Cidaroida. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 141, 1–101.
- Smith, A.B. and Wright, C.W. (1990) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 2, Echinothurioida, Diademodontoida and Stirodonta (1, Calycina). Palaeontographical Society Monographs 143, 101–198.
- Smith, A.B. and Wright, C.W. (1993) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 3, Stirodonta 2, Hemicidaroida and Phymosomatoida, Part 1. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 147, 199–267.
- Smith, A.B., Lafay, B., and Christen, R. (1992) Comparative variation of morphological and molecular evolution through geologic time: 28S ribosomal RNA versus morphology in echinoids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Series B 338, 365–382.